thisnewartgenrehadrapidlyreacheditsmaturity.However，afteritsfurtherdevelopmentintheMingDynasty（1368-1644），thecreationofliteratipaintingsgraduallyrevealedacertaintrendtowardformulismunderthebrushesofthefourWangs，namelyWangShimin（1592-1680），WangJian（1598-1677），WangShigu（1632-1717），andWangYuanqi（1646-1715），allcourtpaintersoftheQingDynasty（1644-1911），――whichhadinvitedwidespreadcriticisms.DuringtheNewCultureMovement（1915-1919）hostsofChinesepainterswenttoJapanandEuropetolearnpainting，andusedtheWesternexperiencesinmodelingandcoloringforreferenceinanefforttoreformChinastraditionalpaintingtechniques.